Active Directory Privileged Account Management Guide

This comprehensive guide provides enterprise-level strategies for implementing Privileged Account Management (PAM) in Active Directory environments with modern security practices, automation, Just-In-Time access, and Zero Trust principles.

Overview

Privileged Account Management (PAM) is a critical security discipline that focuses on securing, controlling, and monitoring privileged accounts and access rights within an IT environment. Modern PAM implementations incorporate Zero Trust principles, Just-In-Time access, and comprehensive automation to minimize security risks while maintaining operational efficiency.

Prerequisites

Technical Requirements

Windows Server 2019 or later (Windows Server 2022 recommended)
Active Directory Domain Services with appropriate functional levels
PowerShell 5.1 or later with ActiveDirectory module
Microsoft Identity Manager (MIM) or equivalent PAM solution (optional)
Azure AD Premium P2 (for hybrid scenarios with PIM)
Certificate Authority for smart card authentication

Planning Requirements

Privileged access risk assessment completed
Administrative tier model designed
Role-based access control (RBAC) matrix defined
Emergency access procedures documented
Compliance requirements identified

Security Requirements

Multi-factor authentication (MFA) implementation
Privileged Access Workstations (PAWs) deployment
Network segmentation for administrative access
Comprehensive logging and monitoring capabilities
Incident response procedures for privileged access

Privileged Account Management Architecture

Tiered Administrative Model

Modern PAM implementations use a tiered model to minimize lateral movement and privilege escalation:

┌─────────────────────────────────────────┐
│               Tier 0                    │
│         (Control Plane)                 │
│  • Domain Controllers                   │
│  • Forest Root Domain                   │
│  • Certificate Authorities              │
│  • ADFS/Identity Providers             │
└─────────────────────────────────────────┘
                    │
┌─────────────────────────────────────────┐
│               Tier 1                    │
│        (Resource Plane)                 │
│  • Member Servers                       │
│  • File Servers                         │
│  • Application Servers                  │
│  • Database Servers                     │
└─────────────────────────────────────────┘
                    │
┌─────────────────────────────────────────┐
│               Tier 2                    │
│         (User Plane)                    │
│  • User Workstations                    │
│  • VDI Infrastructure                   │
│  • End-User Applications                │
│  • Client Devices                       │
└─────────────────────────────────────────┘

Core PAM Components

Administrative Accounts: Separate accounts for different privilege levels
Privileged Groups: Carefully managed high-privilege security groups
Access Control: Time-bound and just-in-time access mechanisms
Monitoring: Comprehensive auditing and threat detection
Automation: Scripted provisioning and de-provisioning processes

Secure Organizational Unit Structure

PAM OU Design

# Create secure OU structure for privileged accounts
function New-PAMOUStructure {
    param(
        [string]$DomainDN = (Get-ADDomain).DistinguishedName,
        [string]$BasePAMOU = "OU=Privileged Access Management,$DomainDN"
    )
    
    try {
        # Create main PAM OU
        if (-not (Get-ADOrganizationalUnit -Filter "DistinguishedName -eq '$BasePAMOU'" -ErrorAction SilentlyContinue)) {
            New-ADOrganizationalUnit -Name "Privileged Access Management" -Path $DomainDN -Description "Secure container for privileged accounts and groups"
            Write-Host "Created main PAM OU: $BasePAMOU" -ForegroundColor Green
        }
        
        # Create tier-based sub-OUs
        $TierOUs = @{
            'Tier0' = 'Control Plane - Domain Controllers and Forest Infrastructure'
            'Tier1' = 'Resource Plane - Server Infrastructure'
            'Tier2' = 'User Plane - Workstation and End-User Resources'
            'ServiceAccounts' = 'Service Accounts with Elevated Privileges'
            'EmergencyAccess' = 'Break-Glass Emergency Access Accounts'
            'Groups' = 'Privileged Security Groups'
            'Workstations' = 'Privileged Access Workstations (PAWs)'
        }
        
        foreach ($OU in $TierOUs.Keys) {
            $OUPath = "OU=$OU,$BasePAMOU"
            if (-not (Get-ADOrganizationalUnit -Filter "DistinguishedName -eq '$OUPath'" -ErrorAction SilentlyContinue)) {
                New-ADOrganizationalUnit -Name $OU -Path $BasePAMOU -Description $TierOUs[$OU]
                Write-Host "Created $OU OU: $OUPath" -ForegroundColor Green
            }
        }
        
        # Configure OU security
        Set-PAMOUSecurity -PAMOU $BasePAMOU
        
        Write-Host "PAM OU structure created successfully" -ForegroundColor Green
    }
    catch {
        Write-Error "Failed to create PAM OU structure: $($_.Exception.Message)"
    }
}

# Configure security for PAM OUs
function Set-PAMOUSecurity {
    param(
        [Parameter(Mandatory)]
        [string]$PAMOU
    )
    
    try {
        # Block inheritance on main PAM OU
        $ACL = Get-ACL -Path "AD:$PAMOU"
        $ACL.SetAccessRuleProtection($true, $false)  # Block inheritance, don't copy existing permissions
        
        # Define secure ACL for PAM OU
        $SecureACEs = @(
            @{
                Principal = 'Domain Admins'
                Rights = 'FullControl'
                AccessControlType = 'Allow'
                InheritanceType = 'All'
            },
            @{
                Principal = 'Enterprise Admins'
                Rights = 'FullControl'
                AccessControlType = 'Allow'
                InheritanceType = 'All'
            },
            @{
                Principal = 'SYSTEM'
                Rights = 'FullControl'
                AccessControlType = 'Allow'
                InheritanceType = 'All'
            },
            @{
                Principal = 'Enterprise Domain Controllers'
                Rights = 'ReadProperty'
                AccessControlType = 'Allow'
                InheritanceType = 'Children'
            }
        )
        
        # Apply secure ACEs
        foreach ($ACE in $SecureACEs) {
            $Principal = New-Object System.Security.Principal.SecurityIdentifier((Get-ADGroup $ACE.Principal).SID)
            $AccessRule = New-Object System.DirectoryServices.ActiveDirectoryAccessRule(
                $Principal,
                $ACE.Rights,
                $ACE.AccessControlType,
                [System.DirectoryServices.ActiveDirectorySecurityInheritance]::All
            )
            $ACL.SetAccessRule($AccessRule)
        }
        
        Set-ACL -Path "AD:$PAMOU" -AclObject $ACL
        
        # Configure auditing on PAM OU
        Set-PAMOUAuditing -PAMOU $PAMOU
        
        Write-Host "PAM OU security configured successfully" -ForegroundColor Green
    }
    catch {
        Write-Error "Failed to configure PAM OU security: $($_.Exception.Message)"
    }
}

# Configure comprehensive auditing for PAM OUs
function Set-PAMOUAuditing {
    param(
        [Parameter(Mandatory)]
        [string]$PAMOU
    )
    
    try {
        $AuditACL = Get-ACL -Path "AD:$PAMOU" -Audit
        
        # Define audit rules for privileged access monitoring
        $AuditEvents = @(
            'WriteProperty',
            'Delete',
            'DeleteChild',
            'WriteOwner',
            'WriteDacl',
            'CreateChild',
            'ExtendedRight'
        )
        
        foreach ($Event in $AuditEvents) {
            $AuditRule = New-Object System.DirectoryServices.ActiveDirectoryAuditRule(
                [System.Security.Principal.SecurityIdentifier]::new('S-1-1-0'),  # Everyone
                [System.DirectoryServices.ActiveDirectoryRights]::$Event,
                [System.Security.AccessControl.AuditFlags]::Success,
                [System.DirectoryServices.ActiveDirectorySecurityInheritance]::All
            )
            $AuditACL.SetAuditRule($AuditRule)
        }
        
        Set-ACL -Path "AD:$PAMOU" -AclObject $AuditACL
        Write-Host "PAM OU auditing configured successfully" -ForegroundColor Green
    }
    catch {
        Write-Error "Failed to configure PAM OU auditing: $($_.Exception.Message)"
    }
}

Privileged Account Creation and Management

Administrative Account Lifecycle

# Create privileged administrative accounts with proper security settings
function New-PrivilegedAccount {
    param(
        [Parameter(Mandatory)]
        [string]$Username,
        [Parameter(Mandatory)]
        [ValidateSet('Tier0', 'Tier1', 'Tier2', 'ServiceAccount', 'EmergencyAccess')]
        [string]$Tier,
        [Parameter(Mandatory)]
        [string]$UserPrincipalName,
        [string]$Description,
        [string]$Manager,
        [datetime]$AccountExpiry = (Get-Date).AddYears(1),
        [switch]$RequireSmartCard,
        [string[]]$MemberOfGroups = @()
    )
    
    try {
        # Determine OU based on tier
        $DomainDN = (Get-ADDomain).DistinguishedName
        $PAMOU = "OU=Privileged Access Management,$DomainDN"
        $TierOU = "OU=$Tier,$PAMOU"
        
        # Generate secure password
        $SecurePassword = New-SecurePassword -Length 24 -IncludeSpecialCharacters
        
        # Create privileged account with secure settings
        $AccountParams = @{
            Name = $Username
            SamAccountName = $Username
            UserPrincipalName = $UserPrincipalName
            Path = $TierOU
            Description = $Description
            Manager = $Manager
            AccountPassword = $SecurePassword
            ChangePasswordAtLogon = $true
            Enabled = $true
            PasswordNeverExpires = $false
            PasswordNotRequired = $false
            SmartcardLogonRequired = $RequireSmartCard
            AccountExpirationDate = $AccountExpiry
            CannotChangePassword = $false
            TrustedForDelegation = $false
            AllowReversiblePasswordEncryption = $false
        }
        
        New-ADUser @AccountParams
        
        # Set additional security attributes
        Set-ADUser -Identity $Username -Replace @{
            'msDS-User-Account-Control-Computed' = 0x0020  # NORMAL_ACCOUNT
            'userAccountControl' = 0x0200  # NORMAL_ACCOUNT + DONT_EXPIRE_PASSWORD (will be managed by policy)
        }
        
        # Add to appropriate groups
        foreach ($Group in $MemberOfGroups) {
            try {
                Add-ADGroupMember -Identity $Group -Members $Username
                Write-Host "Added $Username to group $Group" -ForegroundColor Green
            }
            catch {
                Write-Warning "Failed to add $Username to group $Group`: $($_.Exception.Message)"
            }
        }
        
        # Log account creation
        Write-EventLog -LogName 'Application' -Source 'PAM-Management' -EventId 1001 -EntryType Information -Message "Privileged account created: $Username (Tier: $Tier)"
        
        Write-Host "Privileged account created successfully: $Username" -ForegroundColor Green
        
        return @{
            Username = $Username
            Tier = $Tier
            OU = $TierOU
            Password = $SecurePassword
            ExpiryDate = $AccountExpiry
        }
    }
    catch {
        Write-Error "Failed to create privileged account $Username`: $($_.Exception.Message)"
    }
}

# Generate cryptographically secure passwords
function New-SecurePassword {
    param(
        [int]$Length = 24,
        [switch]$IncludeSpecialCharacters
    )
    
    $CharacterSets = @(
        'ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ',      # Uppercase
        'abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz',      # Lowercase  
        '0123456789'                       # Numbers
    )
    
    if ($IncludeSpecialCharacters) {
        $CharacterSets += '!@#$%^&*()_+-=[]{}|;:,.<>?'
    }
    
    $AllCharacters = $CharacterSets -join ''
    $Random = New-Object System.Security.Cryptography.RNGCryptoServiceProvider
    $Password = @()
    
    # Ensure at least one character from each set
    foreach ($Set in $CharacterSets) {
        $Bytes = New-Object byte[] 1
        $Random.GetBytes($Bytes)
        $Password += $Set[$Bytes[0] % $Set.Length]
    }
    
    # Fill remaining length
    for ($i = $CharacterSets.Count; $i -lt $Length; $i++) {
        $Bytes = New-Object byte[] 1
        $Random.GetBytes($Bytes)
        $Password += $AllCharacters[$Bytes[0] % $AllCharacters.Length]
    }
    
    # Shuffle the password
    $ShuffledPassword = ($Password | Sort-Object {Get-Random}) -join ''
    $Random.Dispose()
    
    return ConvertTo-SecureString -String $ShuffledPassword -AsPlainText -Force
}

# Automated privileged account lifecycle management
function Invoke-PrivilegedAccountLifecycle {
    param(
        [int]$ExpiryWarningDays = 30,
        [int]$InactiveAccountDays = 90,
        [string]$ReportPath = "C:\Reports\PAM_Lifecycle_$(Get-Date -Format 'yyyyMMdd_HHmmss').html",
        [string]$AlertEmail = $null,
        [string]$SMTPServer = $null
    )
    
    try {
        $DomainDN = (Get-ADDomain).DistinguishedName
        $PAMOU = "OU=Privileged Access Management,$DomainDN"
        
        # Get all privileged accounts
        $PrivilegedAccounts = Get-ADUser -SearchBase $PAMOU -Filter * -Properties LastLogonDate, AccountExpirationDate, PasswordLastSet, PasswordExpired, LockedOut, Enabled
        
        $LifecycleResults = @{
            ExpiringAccounts = @()
            InactiveAccounts = @()
            PasswordExpired = @()
            LockedAccounts = @()
            DisabledAccounts = @()
        }
        
        foreach ($Account in $PrivilegedAccounts) {
            # Check account expiry
            if ($Account.AccountExpirationDate -and $Account.AccountExpirationDate -lt (Get-Date).AddDays($ExpiryWarningDays)) {
                $LifecycleResults.ExpiringAccounts += $Account
            }
            
            # Check for inactive accounts
            if ($Account.LastLogonDate -and $Account.LastLogonDate -lt (Get-Date).AddDays(-$InactiveAccountDays)) {
                $LifecycleResults.InactiveAccounts += $Account
            }
            
            # Check password status
            if ($Account.PasswordExpired) {
                $LifecycleResults.PasswordExpired += $Account
            }
            
            # Check locked accounts
            if ($Account.LockedOut) {
                $LifecycleResults.LockedAccounts += $Account
            }
            
            # Check disabled accounts
            if (-not $Account.Enabled) {
                $LifecycleResults.DisabledAccounts += $Account
            }
        }
        
        # Generate lifecycle report
        $TotalIssues = ($LifecycleResults.Values | Measure-Object -Sum Count).Sum
        
        $Html = @"
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
    <title>Privileged Account Lifecycle Report</title>
    <style>
        body { font-family: Arial, sans-serif; margin: 20px; }
        table { border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%; margin-bottom: 20px; }
        th, td { border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left; }
        th { background-color: #f2f2f2; }
        .warning { background-color: #fff3cd; }
        .critical { background-color: #f8d7da; }
        .info { background-color: #d1ecf1; }
        .header { background-color: #dc3545; color: white; padding: 10px; }
        .summary { background-color: #f8f9fa; padding: 15px; margin-bottom: 20px; }
    </style>
</head>
<body>
    <div class="header">
        <h1>Privileged Account Lifecycle Report</h1>
        <p>Generated: $(Get-Date)</p>
        <p>Total Privileged Accounts: $($PrivilegedAccounts.Count)</p>
        <p>Accounts Requiring Attention: $TotalIssues</p>
    </div>
    
    <div class="summary">
        <h2>Lifecycle Summary</h2>
        <p><strong>Expiring Accounts:</strong> $($LifecycleResults.ExpiringAccounts.Count)</p>
        <p><strong>Inactive Accounts:</strong> $($LifecycleResults.InactiveAccounts.Count)</p>
        <p><strong>Password Expired:</strong> $($LifecycleResults.PasswordExpired.Count)</p>
        <p><strong>Locked Accounts:</strong> $($LifecycleResults.LockedAccounts.Count)</p>
        <p><strong>Disabled Accounts:</strong> $($LifecycleResults.DisabledAccounts.Count)</p>
    </div>
"@
        
        # Add detailed sections for each category
        foreach ($Category in $LifecycleResults.Keys) {
            $Accounts = $LifecycleResults[$Category]
            if ($Accounts.Count -gt 0) {
                $SeverityClass = switch ($Category) {
                    'ExpiringAccounts' { 'warning' }
                    'InactiveAccounts' { 'warning' }
                    'PasswordExpired' { 'critical' }
                    'LockedAccounts' { 'critical' }
                    'DisabledAccounts' { 'info' }
                }
                
                $Html += @"
    <h2>$($Category -replace '([A-Z])', ' $1').Trim()</h2>
    <table>
        <tr>
            <th>Username</th>
            <th>Display Name</th>
            <th>Last Logon</th>
            <th>Account Expiry</th>
            <th>Password Last Set</th>
            <th>Enabled</th>
        </tr>
"@
                
                foreach ($Account in $Accounts) {
                    $Html += @"
        <tr class="$SeverityClass">
            <td>$($Account.SamAccountName)</td>
            <td>$($Account.DisplayName)</td>
            <td>$($Account.LastLogonDate)</td>
            <td>$($Account.AccountExpirationDate)</td>
            <td>$($Account.PasswordLastSet)</td>
            <td>$($Account.Enabled)</td>
        </tr>
"@
                }
                
                $Html += "</table>"
            }
        }
        
        $Html += @"
</body>
</html>
"@
        
        $Html | Out-File -FilePath $ReportPath -Encoding UTF8
        Write-Host "Privileged account lifecycle report generated: $ReportPath" -ForegroundColor Green
        
        # Send alert if critical issues found
        if (($LifecycleResults.PasswordExpired.Count + $LifecycleResults.LockedAccounts.Count) -gt 0 -and $AlertEmail -and $SMTPServer) {
            $Subject = "CRITICAL: Privileged Account Issues Detected"
            $Body = "Critical privileged account issues detected:`n`n"
            $Body += "Password Expired: $($LifecycleResults.PasswordExpired.Count)`n"
            $Body += "Locked Accounts: $($LifecycleResults.LockedAccounts.Count)`n`n"
            $Body += "Please review the detailed report: $ReportPath"
            
            Send-MailMessage -To $AlertEmail -Subject $Subject -Body $Body -SmtpServer $SMTPServer -Priority High
        }
        
        return $LifecycleResults
    }
    catch {
        Write-Error "Failed to process privileged account lifecycle: $($_.Exception.Message)"
    }
}

Just-In-Time (JIT) Access Management

Temporal Access Control

# Implement Just-In-Time access for privileged groups
function Grant-JITAccess {
    param(
        [Parameter(Mandatory)]
        [string]$Username,
        [Parameter(Mandatory)]
        [string]$PrivilegedGroup,
        [int]$AccessDurationHours = 8,
        [string]$Justification,
        [string]$ApproverEmail,
        [string]$SMTPServer,
        [switch]$RequireApproval = $true
    )
    
    try {
        $RequestId = New-Guid
        $AccessStart = Get-Date
        $AccessEnd = $AccessStart.AddHours($AccessDurationHours)
        
        # Log access request
        Write-EventLog -LogName 'Application' -Source 'PAM-JIT' -EventId 2001 -EntryType Information -Message "JIT access requested: User=$Username, Group=$PrivilegedGroup, Duration=$AccessDurationHours hours, RequestId=$RequestId"
        
        if ($RequireApproval -and $ApproverEmail -and $SMTPServer) {
            # Send approval request
            $Subject = "JIT Access Request - $Username to $PrivilegedGroup"
            $Body = @"
JIT Access Request Details:

User: $Username
Privileged Group: $PrivilegedGroup
Duration: $AccessDurationHours hours
Justification: $Justification
Request ID: $RequestId
Requested Time: $AccessStart

To approve this request, reply with APPROVE-$RequestId
To deny this request, reply with DENY-$RequestId
"@
            
            Send-MailMessage -To $ApproverEmail -Subject $Subject -Body $Body -SmtpServer $SMTPServer
            Write-Host "JIT access request sent for approval. Request ID: $RequestId" -ForegroundColor Yellow
            
            return @{
                RequestId = $RequestId
                Status = 'PendingApproval'
                Username = $Username
                Group = $PrivilegedGroup
                RequestTime = $AccessStart
            }
        }
        else {
            # Grant immediate access (auto-approval scenario)
            return Approve-JITAccess -RequestId $RequestId -Username $Username -PrivilegedGroup $PrivilegedGroup -AccessDurationHours $AccessDurationHours
        }
    }
    catch {
        Write-Error "Failed to process JIT access request: $($_.Exception.Message)"
    }
}

# Approve JIT access request
function Approve-JITAccess {
    param(
        [Parameter(Mandatory)]
        [string]$RequestId,
        [Parameter(Mandatory)]
        [string]$Username,
        [Parameter(Mandatory)]
        [string]$PrivilegedGroup,
        [int]$AccessDurationHours = 8,
        [string]$ApprovedBy = $env:USERNAME
    )
    
    try {
        $AccessStart = Get-Date
        $AccessEnd = $AccessStart.AddHours($AccessDurationHours)
        
        # Add user to privileged group
        Add-ADGroupMember -Identity $PrivilegedGroup -Members $Username
        
        # Schedule automatic removal
        $RemovalJob = Register-ScheduledJob -Name "JIT-Removal-$RequestId" -ScriptBlock {
            param($Username, $PrivilegedGroup, $RequestId)
            
            try {
                Remove-ADGroupMember -Identity $PrivilegedGroup -Members $Username -Confirm:$false
                Write-EventLog -LogName 'Application' -Source 'PAM-JIT' -EventId 2003 -EntryType Information -Message "JIT access automatically revoked: User=$Username, Group=$PrivilegedGroup, RequestId=$RequestId"
                
                # Clean up scheduled job
                Unregister-ScheduledJob -Name "JIT-Removal-$RequestId" -Force
            }
            catch {
                Write-EventLog -LogName 'Application' -Source 'PAM-JIT' -EventId 2004 -EntryType Error -Message "Failed to revoke JIT access: User=$Username, Group=$PrivilegedGroup, RequestId=$RequestId, Error=$($_.Exception.Message)"
            }
        } -ArgumentList $Username, $PrivilegedGroup, $RequestId -RunNow:$false
        
        # Set trigger for automatic removal
        $Trigger = New-JobTrigger -Once -At $AccessEnd
        Add-JobTrigger -InputObject $RemovalJob -Trigger $Trigger
        
        # Log access grant
        Write-EventLog -LogName 'Application' -Source 'PAM-JIT' -EventId 2002 -EntryType Information -Message "JIT access granted: User=$Username, Group=$PrivilegedGroup, Duration=$AccessDurationHours hours, ApprovedBy=$ApprovedBy, RequestId=$RequestId"
        
        Write-Host "JIT access granted to $Username for $PrivilegedGroup until $AccessEnd" -ForegroundColor Green
        
        return @{
            RequestId = $RequestId
            Status = 'Approved'
            Username = $Username
            Group = $PrivilegedGroup
            AccessStart = $AccessStart
            AccessEnd = $AccessEnd
            ApprovedBy = $ApprovedBy
        }
    }
    catch {
        Write-Error "Failed to approve JIT access: $($_.Exception.Message)"
    }
}

# Monitor and report on JIT access usage
function Get-JITAccessReport {
    param(
        [datetime]$StartDate = (Get-Date).AddDays(-30),
        [datetime]$EndDate = (Get-Date),
        [string]$ReportPath = "C:\Reports\JIT_Access_Report_$(Get-Date -Format 'yyyyMMdd_HHmmss').html"
    )
    
    try {
        # Query JIT access events from event log
        $JITEvents = Get-WinEvent -FilterHashtable @{
            LogName = 'Application'
            ProviderName = 'PAM-JIT'
            StartTime = $StartDate
            EndTime = $EndDate
        } -ErrorAction SilentlyContinue
        
        $AccessSummary = @{
            TotalRequests = 0
            ApprovedRequests = 0
            RevokedAccess = 0
            ActiveSessions = 0
        }
        
        $AccessDetails = @()
        
        foreach ($Event in $JITEvents) {
            switch ($Event.Id) {
                2001 { # Request
                    $AccessSummary.TotalRequests++
                    $AccessDetails += [PSCustomObject]@{
                        Type = 'Request'
                        Timestamp = $Event.TimeCreated
                        Message = $Event.Message
                        User = ($Event.Message -split 'User=')[1].Split(',')[0]
                        Group = ($Event.Message -split 'Group=')[1].Split(',')[0]
                        RequestId = ($Event.Message -split 'RequestId=')[1]
                    }
                }
                2002 { # Approval
                    $AccessSummary.ApprovedRequests++
                    $AccessDetails += [PSCustomObject]@{
                        Type = 'Approval'
                        Timestamp = $Event.TimeCreated
                        Message = $Event.Message
                        User = ($Event.Message -split 'User=')[1].Split(',')[0]
                        Group = ($Event.Message -split 'Group=')[1].Split(',')[0]
                        RequestId = ($Event.Message -split 'RequestId=')[1]
                    }
                }
                2003 { # Revocation
                    $AccessSummary.RevokedAccess++
                    $AccessDetails += [PSCustomObject]@{
                        Type = 'Revocation'
                        Timestamp = $Event.TimeCreated
                        Message = $Event.Message
                        User = ($Event.Message -split 'User=')[1].Split(',')[0]
                        Group = ($Event.Message -split 'Group=')[1].Split(',')[0]
                        RequestId = ($Event.Message -split 'RequestId=')[1]
                    }
                }
            }
        }
        
        # Generate JIT access report
        $Html = @"
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
    <title>Just-In-Time Access Report</title>
    <style>
        body { font-family: Arial, sans-serif; margin: 20px; }
        table { border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%; margin-bottom: 20px; }
        th, td { border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left; }
        th { background-color: #f2f2f2; }
        .request { background-color: #d1ecf1; }
        .approval { background-color: #d4edda; }
        .revocation { background-color: #fff3cd; }
        .header { background-color: #28a745; color: white; padding: 10px; }
        .summary { background-color: #f8f9fa; padding: 15px; margin-bottom: 20px; }
    </style>
</head>
<body>
    <div class="header">
        <h1>Just-In-Time Access Report</h1>
        <p>Report Period: $StartDate to $EndDate</p>
    </div>
    
    <div class="summary">
        <h2>JIT Access Summary</h2>
        <p><strong>Total Requests:</strong> $($AccessSummary.TotalRequests)</p>
        <p><strong>Approved Requests:</strong> $($AccessSummary.ApprovedRequests)</p>
        <p><strong>Revoked Access:</strong> $($AccessSummary.RevokedAccess)</p>
        <p><strong>Approval Rate:</strong> $(if ($AccessSummary.TotalRequests -gt 0) { [math]::Round(($AccessSummary.ApprovedRequests / $AccessSummary.TotalRequests) * 100, 2) } else { 0 })%</p>
    </div>
    
    <h2>JIT Access Activity</h2>
    <table>
        <tr>
            <th>Type</th>
            <th>Timestamp</th>
            <th>User</th>
            <th>Group</th>
            <th>Request ID</th>
        </tr>
"@
        
        foreach ($Detail in $AccessDetails | Sort-Object Timestamp -Descending) {
            $TypeClass = $Detail.Type.ToLower()
            $Html += @"
        <tr class="$TypeClass">
            <td>$($Detail.Type)</td>
            <td>$($Detail.Timestamp)</td>
            <td>$($Detail.User)</td>
            <td>$($Detail.Group)</td>
            <td>$($Detail.RequestId)</td>
        </tr>
"@
        }
        
        $Html += @"
    </table>
</body>
</html>
"@
        
        $Html | Out-File -FilePath $ReportPath -Encoding UTF8
        Write-Host "JIT access report generated: $ReportPath" -ForegroundColor Green
        
        return $AccessSummary
    }
    catch {
        Write-Error "Failed to generate JIT access report: $($_.Exception.Message)"
    }
}

Privileged Group Management

Advanced Group Policy Management

# Implement comprehensive privileged group management
function Set-PrivilegedGroupManagement {
    param(
        [string[]]$PrivilegedGroups = @(
            'Domain Admins',
            'Enterprise Admins', 
            'Schema Admins',
            'Administrators',
            'Server Operators',
            'Backup Operators',
            'Account Operators',
            'Incoming Forest Trust Builders'
        ),
        [string]$GPOName = 'PAM-RestrictedGroups-Policy',
        [string]$TargetOU = 'OU=Domain Controllers,DC=domain,DC=com'
    )
    
    try {
        # Create or update restricted groups GPO
        $GPO = Get-GPO -Name $GPOName -ErrorAction SilentlyContinue
        if (-not $GPO) {
            $GPO = New-GPO -Name $GPOName -Comment "Privileged Access Management - Restricted Groups Policy"
            Write-Host "Created new GPO: $GPOName" -ForegroundColor Green
        }
        
        # Configure restricted groups
        foreach ($Group in $PrivilegedGroups) {
            try {
                $GroupSID = (Get-ADGroup -Identity $Group).SID.Value
                
                # Set restricted group policy (empty membership by default)
                $GPOPath = "\\$($env:USERDNSDOMAIN)\SYSVOL\$($env:USERDNSDOMAIN)\Policies\{$($GPO.Id)}\Machine\Microsoft\Windows NT\SecEdit"
                
                if (-not (Test-Path $GPOPath)) {
                    New-Item -Path $GPOPath -ItemType Directory -Force
                }
                
                $GptTmplPath = Join-Path $GPOPath "GptTmpl.inf"
                
                # Build restricted groups section
                $RestrictedGroupsContent = @"
[Unicode]
Unicode=yes
[Group Membership]
*$GroupSID__Memberof = 
*$GroupSID__Members = 
[Version]
signature="`$CHICAGO`$"
Revision=1
"@
                
                $RestrictedGroupsContent | Out-File -FilePath $GptTmplPath -Encoding Unicode
                
                Write-Host "Configured restricted group policy for: $Group" -ForegroundColor Green
            }
            catch {
                Write-Warning "Failed to configure restricted group policy for $Group`: $($_.Exception.Message)"
            }
        }
        
        # Link GPO to target OU
        try {
            New-GPLink -Name $GPOName -Target $TargetOU -LinkEnabled Yes -ErrorAction SilentlyContinue
            Write-Host "Linked GPO $GPOName to $TargetOU" -ForegroundColor Green
        }
        catch {
            Write-Warning "Failed to link GPO: $($_.Exception.Message)"
        }
        
        Write-Host "Privileged group management policy configured successfully" -ForegroundColor Green
    }
    catch {
        Write-Error "Failed to configure privileged group management: $($_.Exception.Message)"
    }
}

# Monitor privileged group membership changes
function Monitor-PrivilegedGroupChanges {
    param(
        [string[]]$MonitoredGroups = @(
            'Domain Admins',
            'Enterprise Admins',
            'Schema Admins',
            'Administrators'
        ),
        [string]$AlertEmail = $null,
        [string]$SMTPServer = $null,
        [int]$MonitoringInterval = 60  # seconds
    )
    
    # Store baseline membership
    $BaselineMembership = @{}
    foreach ($Group in $MonitoredGroups) {
        try {
            $Members = Get-ADGroupMember -Identity $Group -Recursive | Select-Object -ExpandProperty SamAccountName
            $BaselineMembership[$Group] = $Members
            Write-Host "Baseline membership for $Group`: $($Members.Count) members" -ForegroundColor Blue
        }
        catch {
            Write-Warning "Failed to get baseline membership for $Group`: $($_.Exception.Message)"
        }
    }
    
    # Start monitoring loop
    while ($true) {
        foreach ($Group in $MonitoredGroups) {
            try {
                $CurrentMembers = Get-ADGroupMember -Identity $Group -Recursive | Select-Object -ExpandProperty SamAccountName
                $BaselineMembers = $BaselineMembership[$Group]
                
                # Check for changes
                $AddedMembers = $CurrentMembers | Where-Object { $_ -notin $BaselineMembers }
                $RemovedMembers = $BaselineMembers | Where-Object { $_ -notin $CurrentMembers }
                
                if ($AddedMembers -or $RemovedMembers) {
                    $ChangeMessage = "Privileged group membership change detected for $Group`:`n"
                    
                    if ($AddedMembers) {
                        $ChangeMessage += "Added members: $($AddedMembers -join ', ')`n"
                    }
                    
                    if ($RemovedMembers) {
                        $ChangeMessage += "Removed members: $($RemovedMembers -join ', ')`n"
                    }
                    
                    # Log the change
                    Write-EventLog -LogName 'Application' -Source 'PAM-Monitor' -EventId 3001 -EntryType Warning -Message $ChangeMessage
                    Write-Host $ChangeMessage -ForegroundColor Yellow
                    
                    # Send email alert
                    if ($AlertEmail -and $SMTPServer) {
                        $Subject = "ALERT: Privileged Group Membership Change - $Group"
                        Send-MailMessage -To $AlertEmail -Subject $Subject -Body $ChangeMessage -SmtpServer $SMTPServer -Priority High
                    }
                    
                    # Update baseline
                    $BaselineMembership[$Group] = $CurrentMembers
                }
            }
            catch {
                Write-Error "Failed to monitor group $Group`: $($_.Exception.Message)"
            }
        }
        
        Start-Sleep -Seconds $MonitoringInterval
    }
}

Emergency Access Management

Break-Glass Procedures

# Create and manage emergency access (break-glass) accounts
function New-EmergencyAccessAccount {
    param(
        [Parameter(Mandatory)]
        [string]$AccountName,
        [string]$Description = "Emergency break-glass administrative account",
        [string[]]$PrivilegedGroups = @('Domain Admins'),
        [int]$AccountValidityDays = 90,
        [switch]$EnableSmartCardRequirement
    )
    
    try {
        $DomainDN = (Get-ADDomain).DistinguishedName
        $EmergencyOU = "OU=EmergencyAccess,OU=Privileged Access Management,$DomainDN"
        
        # Ensure emergency OU exists
        if (-not (Get-ADOrganizationalUnit -Filter "DistinguishedName -eq '$EmergencyOU'" -ErrorAction SilentlyContinue)) {
            Write-Error "Emergency Access OU not found. Please create PAM OU structure first."
            return
        }
        
        # Generate secure password for break-glass account
        $SecurePassword = New-SecurePassword -Length 32 -IncludeSpecialCharacters
        
        # Create emergency account
        $AccountParams = @{
            Name = $AccountName
            SamAccountName = $AccountName
            UserPrincipalName = "$AccountName@$((Get-ADDomain).DNSRoot)"
            Path = $EmergencyOU
            Description = "$Description - Created: $(Get-Date) - Expires: $((Get-Date).AddDays($AccountValidityDays))"
            AccountPassword = $SecurePassword
            ChangePasswordAtLogon = $false
            Enabled = $true
            PasswordNeverExpires = $false
            SmartcardLogonRequired = $EnableSmartCardRequirement
            AccountExpirationDate = (Get-Date).AddDays($AccountValidityDays)
            TrustedForDelegation = $false
        }
        
        New-ADUser @AccountParams
        
        # Add to privileged groups
        foreach ($Group in $PrivilegedGroups) {
            try {
                Add-ADGroupMember -Identity $Group -Members $AccountName
                Write-Host "Added $AccountName to $Group" -ForegroundColor Green
            }
            catch {
                Write-Warning "Failed to add $AccountName to $Group`: $($_.Exception.Message)"
            }
        }
        
        # Set emergency access auditing
        $User = Get-ADUser -Identity $AccountName
        $UserDN = $User.DistinguishedName
        
        # Configure comprehensive auditing for emergency account
        $AuditACL = Get-ACL -Path "AD:$UserDN" -Audit
        $AuditRule = New-Object System.DirectoryServices.ActiveDirectoryAuditRule(
            [System.Security.Principal.SecurityIdentifier]::new('S-1-1-0'),  # Everyone
            [System.DirectoryServices.ActiveDirectoryRights]::GenericAll,
            [System.Security.AccessControl.AuditFlags]::Success,
            [System.DirectoryServices.ActiveDirectorySecurityInheritance]::None
        )
        $AuditACL.SetAuditRule($AuditRule)
        Set-ACL -Path "AD:$UserDN" -AclObject $AuditACL
        
        # Log emergency account creation
        Write-EventLog -LogName 'Application' -Source 'PAM-Emergency' -EventId 4001 -EntryType Information -Message "Emergency access account created: $AccountName, Groups: $($PrivilegedGroups -join ', '), Expires: $((Get-Date).AddDays($AccountValidityDays))"
        
        Write-Host "Emergency access account created successfully: $AccountName" -ForegroundColor Green
        Write-Host "Account expires: $((Get-Date).AddDays($AccountValidityDays))" -ForegroundColor Yellow
        
        # Store secure password information
        $PasswordStorage = @{
            AccountName = $AccountName
            Password = [System.Runtime.InteropServices.Marshal]::PtrToStringAuto([System.Runtime.InteropServices.Marshal]::SecureStringToBSTR($SecurePassword))
            Created = Get-Date
            Expires = (Get-Date).AddDays($AccountValidityDays)
            Groups = $PrivilegedGroups
        }
        
        return $PasswordStorage
    }
    catch {
        Write-Error "Failed to create emergency access account: $($_.Exception.Message)"
    }
}

# Monitor emergency account usage
function Monitor-EmergencyAccountUsage {
    param(
        [string]$EmergencyAccountPattern = "*emergency*",
        [string]$AlertEmail = $null,
        [string]$SMTPServer = $null,
        [int]$MonitoringInterval = 300  # 5 minutes
    )
    
    $EmergencyAccounts = Get-ADUser -Filter "Name -like '$EmergencyAccountPattern'" -Properties LastLogonDate, AccountExpirationDate
    
    if ($EmergencyAccounts.Count -eq 0) {
        Write-Warning "No emergency accounts found matching pattern: $EmergencyAccountPattern"
        return
    }
    
    Write-Host "Monitoring $($EmergencyAccounts.Count) emergency accounts..." -ForegroundColor Blue
    
    # Store last logon times
    $LastKnownLogons = @{}
    foreach ($Account in $EmergencyAccounts) {
        $LastKnownLogons[$Account.SamAccountName] = $Account.LastLogonDate
    }
    
    while ($true) {
        foreach ($Account in $EmergencyAccounts) {
            try {
                $CurrentAccount = Get-ADUser -Identity $Account.SamAccountName -Properties LastLogonDate, AccountExpirationDate
                $LastKnownLogon = $LastKnownLogons[$Account.SamAccountName]
                
                # Check for new logon
                if ($CurrentAccount.LastLogonDate -and ($CurrentAccount.LastLogonDate -ne $LastKnownLogon)) {
                    $AlertMessage = @"
EMERGENCY ACCOUNT USAGE DETECTED!

Account: $($CurrentAccount.SamAccountName)
Last Logon: $($CurrentAccount.LastLogonDate)
Previous Logon: $LastKnownLogon
Account Expires: $($CurrentAccount.AccountExpirationDate)

This is an automated alert for break-glass account usage.
Please verify this access is authorized and document the reason.
"@
                    
                    # Log the usage
                    Write-EventLog -LogName 'Application' -Source 'PAM-Emergency' -EventId 4002 -EntryType Warning -Message "Emergency account logon detected: $($CurrentAccount.SamAccountName) at $($CurrentAccount.LastLogonDate)"
                    
                    Write-Host $AlertMessage -ForegroundColor Red
                    
                    # Send immediate alert
                    if ($AlertEmail -and $SMTPServer) {
                        $Subject = "CRITICAL: Emergency Account Usage - $($CurrentAccount.SamAccountName)"
                        Send-MailMessage -To $AlertEmail -Subject $Subject -Body $AlertMessage -SmtpServer $SMTPServer -Priority High
                    }
                    
                    # Update last known logon
                    $LastKnownLogons[$Account.SamAccountName] = $CurrentAccount.LastLogonDate
                }
                
                # Check for expired accounts
                if ($CurrentAccount.AccountExpirationDate -and $CurrentAccount.AccountExpirationDate -lt (Get-Date)) {
                    Write-Warning "Emergency account expired: $($CurrentAccount.SamAccountName) - Expired: $($CurrentAccount.AccountExpirationDate)"
                }
            }
            catch {
                Write-Error "Failed to monitor emergency account $($Account.SamAccountName): $($_.Exception.Message)"
            }
        }
        
        Start-Sleep -Seconds $MonitoringInterval
    }
}

Privileged Access Workstations (PAWs)

PAW Implementation and Management

# Configure Privileged Access Workstation policies
function Set-PAWConfiguration {
    param(
        [string]$PAWGroupName = "PAW-Users",
        [string]$PAWComputerGroupName = "PAW-Computers",
        [string]$GPOName = "PAM-PAW-Configuration",
        [string]$PAWOU = "OU=Workstations,OU=Privileged Access Management"
    )
    
    try {
        # Create PAW security groups
        foreach ($GroupName in @($PAWGroupName, $PAWComputerGroupName)) {
            if (-not (Get-ADGroup -Filter "Name -eq '$GroupName'" -ErrorAction SilentlyContinue)) {
                $GroupOU = "OU=Groups,OU=Privileged Access Management,$((Get-ADDomain).DistinguishedName)"
                New-ADGroup -Name $GroupName -GroupScope Global -GroupCategory Security -Path $GroupOU -Description "PAW $($GroupName.Split('-')[1]) security group"
                Write-Host "Created PAW group: $GroupName" -ForegroundColor Green
            }
        }
        
        # Create PAW configuration GPO
        $GPO = Get-GPO -Name $GPOName -ErrorAction SilentlyContinue
        if (-not $GPO) {
            $GPO = New-GPO -Name $GPOName -Comment "Privileged Access Workstation Configuration Policy"
            Write-Host "Created PAW GPO: $GPOName" -ForegroundColor Green
        }
        
        # Configure PAW security settings via registry
        $PAWRegistrySettings = @{
            # Disable USB storage
            'HKLM\SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet\Services\USBSTOR\Start' = 4
            # Disable CD/DVD autorun
            'HKLM\SOFTWARE\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Policies\Explorer\NoDriveTypeAutoRun' = 255
            # Disable Windows Store
            'HKLM\SOFTWARE\Policies\Microsoft\WindowsStore\DisableStoreApps' = 1
            # Enable Windows Defender
            'HKLM\SOFTWARE\Policies\Microsoft\Windows Defender\DisableAntiSpyware' = 0
            # Configure AppLocker
            'HKLM\SOFTWARE\Policies\Microsoft\Windows\SrpV2\Appx\EnforcementMode' = 1
        }
        
        foreach ($RegPath in $PAWRegistrySettings.Keys) {
            $Value = $PAWRegistrySettings[$RegPath]
            $KeyPath = $RegPath.Substring(0, $RegPath.LastIndexOf('\'))
            $ValueName = $RegPath.Substring($RegPath.LastIndexOf('\') + 1)
            
            Set-GPRegistryValue -Name $GPOName -Key $KeyPath -ValueName $ValueName -Type DWord -Value $Value
        }
        
        # Link GPO to PAW OU
        New-GPLink -Name $GPOName -Target "$PAWOU,$((Get-ADDomain).DistinguishedName)" -LinkEnabled Yes -ErrorAction SilentlyContinue
        
        Write-Host "PAW configuration completed successfully" -ForegroundColor Green
    }
    catch {
        Write-Error "Failed to configure PAW settings: $($_.Exception.Message)"
    }
}

Compliance and Auditing

Comprehensive PAM Auditing

# Generate comprehensive PAM compliance report
function New-PAMComplianceReport {
    param(
        [datetime]$StartDate = (Get-Date).AddDays(-30),
        [datetime]$EndDate = (Get-Date),
        [string[]]$ComplianceFrameworks = @('SOX', 'NIST', 'ISO27001'),
        [string]$ReportPath = "C:\Reports\PAM_Compliance_$(Get-Date -Format 'yyyyMMdd_HHmmss').html"
    )
    
    try {
        $DomainDN = (Get-ADDomain).DistinguishedName
        $PAMOU = "OU=Privileged Access Management,$DomainDN"
        
        # Collect PAM compliance data
        $ComplianceData = @{
            PrivilegedAccounts = Get-ADUser -SearchBase $PAMOU -Filter * -Properties LastLogonDate, AccountExpirationDate, PasswordLastSet, MemberOf
            PrivilegedGroups = Get-ADGroup -Filter "AdminCount -eq 1" -Properties Members, ManagedBy
            SecurityEvents = Get-WinEvent -FilterHashtable @{
                LogName = 'Security'
                ID = 4728, 4729, 4732, 4733, 4756, 4757  # Group membership changes
                StartTime = $StartDate
                EndTime = $EndDate
            } -ErrorAction SilentlyContinue
            PAMEvents = Get-WinEvent -FilterHashtable @{
                LogName = 'Application'
                ProviderName = 'PAM-*'
                StartTime = $StartDate
                EndTime = $EndDate
            } -ErrorAction SilentlyContinue
        }
        
        # Analyze compliance metrics
        $ComplianceMetrics = @{
            TotalPrivilegedAccounts = $ComplianceData.PrivilegedAccounts.Count
            AccountsWithRecentActivity = ($ComplianceData.PrivilegedAccounts | Where-Object { $_.LastLogonDate -gt (Get-Date).AddDays(-30) }).Count
            AccountsNearExpiry = ($ComplianceData.PrivilegedAccounts | Where-Object { $_.AccountExpirationDate -and $_.AccountExpirationDate -lt (Get-Date).AddDays(30) }).Count
            EmptyPrivilegedGroups = ($ComplianceData.PrivilegedGroups | Where-Object { -not $_.Members }).Count
            GroupMembershipChanges = $ComplianceData.SecurityEvents.Count
            PAMSystemEvents = $ComplianceData.PAMEvents.Count
        }
        
        # Generate compliance report
        $Html = @"
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
    <title>Privileged Access Management Compliance Report</title>
    <style>
        body { font-family: Arial, sans-serif; margin: 20px; }
        table { border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%; margin-bottom: 20px; }
        th, td { border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left; }
        th { background-color: #f2f2f2; }
        .compliant { background-color: #d4edda; }
        .warning { background-color: #fff3cd; }
        .non-compliant { background-color: #f8d7da; }
        .header { background-color: #6f42c1; color: white; padding: 10px; }
        .framework { background-color: #e3f2fd; padding: 10px; margin: 10px 0; }
    </style>
</head>
<body>
    <div class="header">
        <h1>Privileged Access Management Compliance Report</h1>
        <p>Report Period: $StartDate to $EndDate</p>
        <p>Compliance Frameworks: $($ComplianceFrameworks -join ', ')</p>
    </div>
    
    <h2>Executive Summary</h2>
    <table>
        <tr>
            <th>Metric</th>
            <th>Value</th>
            <th>Status</th>
        </tr>
        <tr class="$( if ($ComplianceMetrics.TotalPrivilegedAccounts -lt 50) { 'compliant' } else { 'warning' })">
            <td>Total Privileged Accounts</td>
            <td>$($ComplianceMetrics.TotalPrivilegedAccounts)</td>
            <td>$( if ($ComplianceMetrics.TotalPrivilegedAccounts -lt 50) { 'Compliant' } else { 'Review Required' })</td>
        </tr>
        <tr class="$( if ($ComplianceMetrics.EmptyPrivilegedGroups -gt ($ComplianceData.PrivilegedGroups.Count * 0.5)) { 'compliant' } else { 'warning' })">
            <td>Empty Privileged Groups</td>
            <td>$($ComplianceMetrics.EmptyPrivilegedGroups) of $($ComplianceData.PrivilegedGroups.Count)</td>
            <td>$( if ($ComplianceMetrics.EmptyPrivilegedGroups -gt ($ComplianceData.PrivilegedGroups.Count * 0.5)) { 'Compliant' } else { 'Review Required' })</td>
        </tr>
        <tr class="$( if ($ComplianceMetrics.AccountsNearExpiry -eq 0) { 'compliant' } else { 'warning' })">
            <td>Accounts Near Expiry</td>
            <td>$($ComplianceMetrics.AccountsNearExpiry)</td>
            <td>$( if ($ComplianceMetrics.AccountsNearExpiry -eq 0) { 'Compliant' } else { 'Action Required' })</td>
        </tr>
        <tr class="compliant">
            <td>Group Membership Changes</td>
            <td>$($ComplianceMetrics.GroupMembershipChanges)</td>
            <td>Monitored</td>
        </tr>
        <tr class="compliant">
            <td>PAM System Events</td>
            <td>$($ComplianceMetrics.PAMSystemEvents)</td>
            <td>Logged</td>
        </tr>
    </table>
"@
        
        # Add framework-specific compliance sections
        foreach ($Framework in $ComplianceFrameworks) {
            $Html += @"
    <div class="framework">
        <h3>$Framework Compliance Requirements</h3>
"@
            
            switch ($Framework) {
                'SOX' {
                    $Html += @"
        <ul>
            <li>✓ Privileged access controls implemented</li>
            <li>✓ User access reviews and certification</li>
            <li>✓ Segregation of duties enforced</li>
            <li>✓ Audit trail for privileged actions</li>
            <li>✓ Regular access recertification process</li>
        </ul>
"@
                }
                'NIST' {
                    $Html += @"
        <ul>
            <li>✓ Access Control (AC) - Privileged account management</li>
            <li>✓ Audit and Accountability (AU) - Comprehensive logging</li>
            <li>✓ Identification and Authentication (IA) - Multi-factor authentication</li>
            <li>✓ System and Communications Protection (SC) - Secure access methods</li>
        </ul>
"@
                }
                'ISO27001' {
                    $Html += @"
        <ul>
            <li>✓ A.9.2.3 Management of privileged access rights</li>
            <li>✓ A.9.2.5 Review of user access rights</li>
            <li>✓ A.9.2.6 Removal or adjustment of access rights</li>
            <li>✓ A.12.4.1 Event logging</li>
            <li>✓ A.12.4.3 Administrator and operator logs</li>
        </ul>
"@
                }
            }
            
            $Html += "</div>"
        }
        
        $Html += @"
</body>
</html>
"@
        
        $Html | Out-File -FilePath $ReportPath -Encoding UTF8
        Write-Host "PAM compliance report generated: $ReportPath" -ForegroundColor Green
        
        return $ComplianceMetrics
    }
    catch {
        Write-Error "Failed to generate PAM compliance report: $($_.Exception.Message)"
    }
}

Best Practices and Recommendations

PAM Implementation Best Practices

Tiered Administration Model
- Implement strict tier separation to prevent credential theft escalation
- Use separate accounts for each administrative tier
- Enforce network isolation between tiers
Just-In-Time Access
- Minimize standing privileges through temporal access controls
- Implement approval workflows for privileged access requests
- Automate access revocation after time-based expiry
Zero Trust Principles
- Assume breach and verify every access request
- Implement continuous verification and monitoring
- Use conditional access and risk-based authentication
Privileged Access Workstations (PAWs)
- Dedicated hardened workstations for administrative tasks
- Separate from regular user computing environment
- Enhanced monitoring and security controls
Comprehensive Monitoring
- Real-time monitoring of privileged account activities
- Automated alerting for suspicious behaviors
- Regular audit and compliance reporting

Security Recommendations

Multi-Factor Authentication
- Mandatory MFA for all privileged accounts
- Smart card or certificate-based authentication preferred
- Risk-based authentication for sensitive operations
Regular Access Reviews
- Quarterly reviews of privileged group memberships
- Annual certification of privileged access rights
- Automated removal of unused accounts
Emergency Procedures
- Well-defined break-glass procedures
- Secure storage of emergency access credentials
- Comprehensive audit trail for emergency access usage

Cloud Integration and Hybrid Scenarios

Azure AD Privileged Identity Management (PIM)

For hybrid environments, integrate on-premises PAM with Azure AD PIM:

Azure AD Connect Configuration
- Sync privileged accounts to Azure AD
- Configure seamless SSO for hybrid scenarios
- Implement password hash synchronization or pass-through authentication
PIM Integration
- Configure eligible assignments for cloud resources
- Implement Just-In-Time access for Azure resources
- Use Conditional Access for additional security controls
Hybrid Monitoring
- Centralized monitoring across on-premises and cloud
- Unified reporting and compliance dashboards
- Cross-platform security event correlation

Additional Resources

Microsoft Documentation

Security Frameworks

Tools and Solutions

This guide provides comprehensive PAM strategies for Active Directory environments. Regular review and updates ensure continued effectiveness and security posture.

Table of Contents